In Franz Kafka’S “The Metamorphosis” Gregor Samsa Dreads

In Franz Kafka’s â€Å"The Metamorphosis† Gregor Samsa dreads his daily grinding of working as a traveling salesman in order to provide for his family. Gregor endures the burden of carrying the financial responsibility of taking care of his family. While his family enjoys the fruit of his labors and live comfortably because of him. Gregor is not allowed to live for himself, this suppresses him into a shell. The family’s lack of appreciation for Gregor leads to his physical change which is his first metamorphosis. This first metamorphosis results in Gregor transforming into a hideous insect. One morning Gregor awakes late for work in his new body. Instead of being concerned about his appearance Gregor is more worried about getting to work as†¦show more content†¦As it becomes apparent to the family that Gregor’s new physical appearance is permanent they decide to no longer acknowledge him as part of the family. Since Gregor is no longer providing f or them and without Gregor being able to communicate with his family due to his transformation he becomes useless to them. This declaration coming from the sister Grete who is the youngest Samsa and who had the closest relationship with Gregor prior to his transformation. As the family now lives the life Gregor once had to live as a middle-class worker they feel warranted to have peace at home and do not see it being possible with Gregor still living with them. Gregor’s family alienation towards makes him feel non-human, this causes his metamorphosis, which leads to his demise. With his new insect body Gregor becomes more alienated from his family then he did before his transformation. Before Gregor’s alienation came from his family’s lack to show their appreciation for him. Now he feels alienated from the family’s inability to acknowledge him. As his family gradually becomes weary of Gregor’s presence, his social separation from his family becomes permanent through his death. Although once upon a time Gregor had been the one to support the entire family as a traveling salesman in his new body he is no longer able to work to continue to support his family. In due time as the family begin to start working to support themselvesShow MoreRelatedExistentialism And How This Philosophical Theory Has Developed Over The Years1443 Words   |  6 Pagesmovement yet their work is pivotal in bringing this theory to the world. Writers like Fyodor Dostoevsky, Franz Kafka also discuss this theme in their work, thus creating literary work on exi stentialism and developing this theory further. Existentialism taken up by Jean-Paul Sartre, Albert Camus, and Simone de Beauvoir in the 20th century in their literary works, discuss existential themes of dread, despair, death, boredom, nothingness, etc. and discuss how this behavior presented by a person willRead MoreA Summary of Franz Kafkas Metamorphosis1244 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ Metamorphosis Franz Kafkas Metamorphosis is a chilling story of a man named Gregor, who wakes one morning to find himself transformed into a giant insect. As expected, his family is shocked, but tries to adjust to the situation. However, over time his family comes to reject him and sees his continued existence as a burden. Wishing him dead, his family gets their wish when Gregor finally dies and his loss is then seen as a blessing. Although the author meant this tale to be symbolic of theRead MoreEssay about Existentialism2347 Words   |  10 Pagesdifficult philosophy to grasp, but by exploring examples in literature and art, one can come to a better understanding of its basic tenets. The first tenet of existentialism is individualism and alienation, which is revealed in the works The Metamorphosis, â€Å"A Hunger Artist,† and â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper.† Each person is an individual; essentially, no two people experience a situation the same because no two people are the same. Due to this, existentialists tend to feel very alone and isolated. Existentialists

Guns, Germs And Steel Essay - 1856 Words

Guns, Germs and Steel By Jared Diamond In the book Guns, Germs and Steel Jared Diamond who is a biophysics scientist and a psychologist, set out on a journey to find out the reason behind great achievements and conquest of the Europeans. What is the secret of success of Europeans? His hypothesis was very original and at first looked very simple, it was guns, germs and steel. The journey of Diamond took over 30 years and helped him answer the main questions of human history and what is it that separates humans today from rich and poor and from haves and have not’s. To do this he had to go back when everyone was equal. His quest started off in New Guinea when he was asked by Yali a New Guinean politician a question: why you white†¦show more content†¦Diamond believes that the main reason why people were able to create such a great civilization in Middle East is because they had over produced food so people were able to specialize in labor and produce military, leaders, architects, art and such. But why New Guineans were not able to do the same? Middle East had familiarized itself with farming, which in turn made it possible for people to advance in agriculture which gave them large amounts of food. They were able to spend less time gathering the food as it was farmed close to their homes. Another important aspect is that planting the wheat and barley was very simple, all it took was to spread the seed around the field. New Guineans learned about farming as well but they were not as fortunate as Middle East to have plants that grew from seeds, instead they had to dig an individual hole for each plant and then plant each plant separate. Once again they were not as efficient as Middle East. Middle East started to develop large communities and build cities and had great advantages. They were economically stable and had build militaries first for self defense and later to be used to conquer and expand. For thousands of years Middle East was booming but it all came to a stop. They had over used their land and water resources and followed by a drought they were forced to migrate and find a new place. They migrated towards west and east and stayed in the same latitudinal region, therefore theShow MoreRelatedGuns, Germs, And Steel953 Words   |  4 PagesGuns, Germs, and Steel Book Review Why do the origins of every major civilization lead to European conquest and settlement? How did Europe somehow gain the upper hand so early in history? Gun, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies delivers a clear theory as to why the Europeans were able to conquer almost the entire world in less then one millennium. Jared Diamond, an esteemed historian takes readers on a journey through time. He explains that through many different factors andRead MoreGuns, Germs, And Steel1127 Words   |  5 PagesGuns, Germs, and Steel In his work, â€Å"Guns, Germs, and Steel† (W. W. Norton, New York, NY, 1997) Jared Diamond attempts to explain why human history has carried out the way it has, he often refers to accounts from history to support his argument. Accounts that will be deemed adequate will discuss specific groups of people, at a specified period of time. Diamond suggests that guns, germs, and steel are three contributing factors for why the world is in its current state. It is not difficult to recognizeRead MoreGuns, Germs, And Steel1490 Words   |  6 PagesGuns, Germs, and Steel. Jared Diamond discusses the reasons why geographical and environmental factors lead to a more rapid progression of certain civilizations throughout history. The book Guns, Germs and Steel portrays an argument that due to some societies’ access to an area witch contains sufficient amounts of wildlife and climates that are easily inhabitable, these societies developed into more advanced ways of living much easier and also earlier than societies who lacked these geographicalRead MoreGuns, Germs, And Steel1145 Words   |  5 PagesGuns, Germs, and Steel Prologue: 1. Yali’s question puzzles over why the white people have become more successful than others. Diamond states that Eurasian societies were set to dominate from before 3000 B.C. He wants to know why other races are unable to be as advanced with technology and power. 2. Diamond’s first objection is implying that if we explain why some people rule over others we’re okay with the domination by others. His second reason explains that Europeans are disappearing anyways andRead MoreGuns, Germs, and Steel Essay2859 Words   |  12 PagesGuns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies, by Jared Diamond, attempts to explain why history progressed differently for people from various geographical regions. Diamond introduces his book by pointing out that history followed different courses for different people because of differences among peoples’ environments, not because of biological differences among people themselves. Through his convincing explanation for how civilizations were created and evolved throughout the course of historyRead MoreGuns, Germs, And Steel Essay1174 Words   |  5 PagesGuns, Germs, and Steel Essay The historical book Gun, Germs, and Steel written by Jared Diamond explains a variety of different themes as to why the world came to be as it is today. The differences in technology and advances differing between other countries. Why is Eurasia more advanced and innovated than other continents like, the Americas? Why didn’t every country develop to an equal pace in advancement? Diamond’s major theme is that environmental differences influenced the differences in theRead MoreGuns Germs And Steel Summary955 Words   |  4 PagesJared Diamond’s theory of global differences in his book entitled â€Å"Guns, Germs, and Steel† is the result of geography and climate and not human differences such as race and culture. Jared Diamond is a biology professor at the University of California. He has been elected to the National Academy of Sciences, the American Philosophical Society, and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. While studying birds in Papua New Gui nea he was asked the question of â€Å"Why you white men have so much cargoRead MoreGuns Germs and Steel Essay1186 Words   |  5 PagesAtahualpa. In a vain attempt to save Atahualpa, his subjects assembled one of the largest ransoms in history, an estimated $30 million worth of gold and silver. 7. Pizzarro completely surprised and overwhelmed Atahualpa’s empire; Pizzarro had guns germs and steel where the Incas didn’t. Pizzarro also had horses that terrified the Incas having never seen it. Pizzarro also had a written language and the Incas did not. 8. Availability of more consumable calories means more people equals strength ofRead MoreSummaries of Guns Germs and Steel2509 Words   |  11 Pagesadaptations. Chapter 3: Collision at Cajamarca Diamond details the conquest by Francisco Pizarro and a few hundred men over the Inca emperor at Cajamarca Peru in 1532. With the help of advanced steel weapons and armor, and horses and cavalry the Incas were easily defeated. They also brought new diseases, maritime, early guns, and centralized political organization. These however were only the small causes leading to the conquest--what allowed such a dominant culture to develop in the first place? ChapterRead MoreAp Guns Germs And Steel3483 Words   |  14 Pagesï » ¿Guns, Germs, and Steel Chapter 1: â€Å"Up to the Starting Line† 1. When did the history of humans begin? Around 50,000 years ago. â€Å"Human history at last took off around 50,000 years ago...† (Page 39) 2. Humans developed on what continent? Humans developed in Africa. â€Å"†¦, indicates that the earliest stages of human evolution were also played out in Africa.† (Page 36) 3. The Giant Leap forward occurred when? Around the time human history started, 50,000 years ago. â€Å"Human History at last took off

Essay on Persepolis Captivity V. Freedom - 1793 Words

A Contained Country Searching for Freedom â€Å"It was too late. Too many of those who had at least tolerated the Shahs rule had been lost. Demonstrations continued.† (â€Å"The Pahlavi Monarchy Falls† 2) In Persepolis by Marjane Satrapi, the country of Iran undergoes a series of governmental changes which restricted the citizens. Ironically, when the Shah’s regime fell, the citizens believed they would gain a limitless freedom with no boundaries; however, the citizens were experiencing an unhappy life full of fear and misery. Happiness is tied to the freedoms in doing whatever you want, the citizens of Iran never fully obtained freedom or happiness because of the strict clothing, call of actions, and material goods. In the opening scene†¦show more content†¦THE SCARF OR A BEATING!† (Satrapi 76) but did that stop the army or any opposition? No. Citizens were stabbed, beaten, thrown into jail, and/ or killed. When someone went against the norm and fought for freedom, their actions were considered heroic. The government, however did not recognize any heroic action during the Shahâ⠂¬â„¢s regime, Islamic Revolution, or during the the Iraq-Iran War, they simply used the citizens as objects and as a clearing when it dealt with reforms or any demonstrations. During the war, military leaders recruited young children to be â€Å"soldiers† and the Fig. 5 (p. 101) leaders would then hypnotize them into thinking what they are doing is commendable and promised them a better life using them as a â€Å"human wave†. (Fig. 5) When in reality, the children who were â€Å"promised a better life, exploded on the mineï ¬ elds† never having the chance to obtain actual freedom or happiness. (Satrapi 102) (Fig. 6) Once again, the government molded and manipulated the children to follow their rules and regulations simply for their own purpose. Not only did the the government have a huge impact on the citizens’ lives physically, they also challenged the citizens’ knowledge of freedom during drastic situations. In order for the citizens Fig. 6 (p. 102) to avoid being thrown into jail or tortured, they had to follow and obey the

Essay about Well Planned, Well Executed - 1047 Words

Well Planned, Well Executed nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;â€Å"The thousand injuries of Fortunato I had borne as I best could, but when he ventured upon insult I vowed revenge†(77). The short stories main character, Montresor, gave this quote to an unknown person about his adversary, Fortunato. Montresor swears to himself that he will take revenge on Fortunato. The Cask of Amontillado, written by Edgar Allen Poe, tells the story how Montresor lures Fortunato to the catacombs to implement his plan. Montresor’s revenge is premeditated, in hopes of successfully murdering Fortunato. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Montresor relies on Fortunato’s knowledge of wine to lure him to his wine cellar. When Montresor finds†¦show more content†¦nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; Montresor, in preparation for this visit to the wine vaults with Fortunato, manipulated his staff so that no one would be at the house, no one but he and Fortunato. â€Å"There were no attendants at home; they had absconded to make merry in honour of the time. I had told them that I should not return until morning, and had given them explicit orders not to stir from the house. These orders were sufficient, I well knew, to insure their immediate disappearance...†(79). Montresor knew that if he told his servants not to leave, they would be gone the minute that Montresor left. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;To ensure Fortunato is not thinking clearly enough to suspect any foul play, Montresor gets Fortunato to drink Medoc, a French wine, to keep him intoxicated. Montresor gives Fortunato the French wine on more than one occasion. First, when they enter the vaults, â€Å"A draught of this Medoc will defend us from the damp.†(79). However, the second time Fortunato tells Montresor that he would like another drink from of the wine. â€Å"But first, another draught of Medoc†(80). Montresor immediately gives him another drink, and Fortunato finishes his drink without hesitation. Having Fortunato intoxicated helps Montresor to get him into the chains before Fortunato will know what is happening to him. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;A moment more and I had fettered him to the granite. In its surfaceShow MoreRelatedETH 316 Blood Money763 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿ Blood Money Scenario Billy Brass ETH/316 March 29, 2012 Christopher Whetstine Blood Money Scenario Moral responsibility of all participants When it comes to human organs and individuals buying them from prisoners that have been executed to survive, one will have to ask themselves if they are making an ethical decision. Buying and selling human organs is illegal in the United States yet it is happening right now as we enter into the year 2015, where a lot of critical thinking has goneRead MoreWhy Planning Should Be The Backbone Of Any Organization981 Words   |  4 Pagesand tools for planning, whether it is a planned analytic or emergent type that provides adequate focus for the planning team to guide the design in order to actually meet the specific business needs. An analytical planned approach is a strategy that requires a clearly expressed vision that is linked to plans and the availability of proper controls required for imposing them within a predictable and controllable atmosphere. (Mckeown, 2012). Planned analytical approaches requires a clearlyRead MoreEssay Cask of Amontillado by Edgar Allen Poe565 Words   |  3 PagesHowever, Montresor’s fear of Fortunato avenging any threat of revenge leads us to believe his plan is well thought out and executed in a very matter of fact way. Seeking this revenge on Fortunato has not made Montresor feel guilty for what he has done. It seems as if revenge is just part of his nature. Throughout the story, it seems as if Montresor has every bit of his revenge on Fortunato planned out. He could not have chosen a better time or place to commit his act of revenge. He knows that duringRead MoreThe Tensions Between Copts and Muslims in Egypt 782 Words   |  4 Pagesattacks and the rio ts that ensued across the country and the world. In response to the attacks, Libya’s government vowed to cooperate with the United States in order to find the perpetrators of the now seemingly planned attack on the consulate. It is suspected that this attack had been planned for a while before its execution, and that it conveniently coincided with the onset of violent protests in response to the anti-Islamic film. Later in September, violent protests surged in Benghazi--not againstRead MoreListening Skill is a neglected Art988 Words   |  4 Pagesdirections and we exchange messages when coordinating our work tasks with others. Explaining and persuading are essentials in the process of learning especially to us as teachers. Our students learn more and easily persuaded when things are explained well. It is said that oral skills are at the very foundation of literacy. Speaking and Listening, such as in a classroom talk, help students to learn, to reflect on what they are learn ing, and to communicate their knowledge and understanding. Thus, oralRead MoreImportant Metrics Of Business Performance Management Essay847 Words   |  4 Pagesmanagement performance† (Markgraf, B., n.d.). A positive metric to identify for any business would be the size of their customer base and whether ornot it continues to grow. â€Å"Other metrics would be inclusive of their customer retention periods as well as the results that can be obtained from customer satisfaction surveys† (Markgraf, B., n.d.). Another important factor for long-term success is the working atmosphere that is provided within the company. â€Å"High employee retention rates, a low numberRead MoreA Research Study On Project Management922 Words   |  4 Pagesgroups: Change Management and Project Management. Change management in this paper is understood as a subset of organizational development, defined as â€Å"the set of behavioral science-based theories, values, strategies, and techniques aimed at the planned change of the organizational work setting for the purpose of enhancing individual development and improving organizational performance† (Weick Quinn, 1999). To understand change management this paper utilized the distinction propose by (Griffith-CooperRead MoreOperation Red Wings As A Multi Phase Joint Military Operation1043 Words   |  5 Pageswere scheduled for September of 2005, and Red Wings was supposed to disrupt insurgent activity in the area. The operation, had it gone as planned, would have helped bring stability to the region and facilitated successful elections later that year. Red Wings was supposed to be a multi-phase joint military operation. It was planned by the Marines to be executed by SOF and Marines jointly. Due to bad planning, decision making and resource management, the operation was a failure and never made it pastRead MoreAnalysis Of The Oresteia Trilogy By Aeschylus879 Words   |  4 PagesClytemnestra quickly turns to anger and hatred at the sight of her king with the war token Cassandra. After 10 years of teeth gritting revenge planned upon her husband, she adds a new victim to her list. In the act of kill ing Agamemnon, Clytemnestra surprises her king with a blow to the head but continues on by calling Cassandra into the house to be killed as well. The death of both Agamemnon and Cassandra are considered murder because technically killing someone is murder and that is extremely illegalRead More10 Important Advantages of Social Media740 Words   |  3 Pagesimportances, ways to implement and so on. Most of the companies are trying to get themselves engaged in various social media channels for various purposes. If planned and executed well Social Media marketing can be one of the most cheapest and effective mode of online marketing and promotion. If your social media marketing is not well planned and executed, it may end in a disaster. The are many reasons for why a company needs to turn towards social media marketing and it depends upon various factors such

How Judaism and Christianity Diverged Free Essays

The origins of Christianity can be originated in Judaism and for that reason it is no surprise that both religions have many beliefs in common. During the earliest beginnings, Christianity was a part of Judaism, but currently they are two distinct communities. However, they are bound together by their belief in one God and to worship any other is to deny Him. We will write a custom essay sample on How Judaism and Christianity Diverged or any similar topic only for you Order Now The separation between both religions did not happen fast or easy. The entire division took some hundred years and the very complex separation didn’t happen all at once. Christianity began with Jesus Christ and his disciples about 2000 years ago in Judea. Throughout that duration of time, Judea was ruled over the emperor of Rome, Constantine. The Romans were pagan and had polytheistic beliefs that made it difficult for the Jews. Therefore, the Jews began to disgust Romans and wait for their Messiah as was promised. The Jewish law secures that a descendant from the house of David will come to set up God’s Kingdom on earth. Jesus Christ has been known in many names: Son of Man, Son of God and the Word. â€Å"Christ† comes from the Greek word Christos which can be translated of the Hebrew word Messiah. Jesus Christ himself followed the Jewish faith and the Jewish law. From village to village, Jesus began teaching synagogues and healing the suffering. Before long, a group of twelve men followed Jesus after his teachings motivated many people and caused instability that the Jewish authority weren’t pleased of. This had threatened the Jewish people. Jesus commenced on talking about the â€Å"new covenant† that God would bring people through him. It would restore the association between humankind and God that was gone because of sin. It would, also, re-establish the fellowship of forgiveness and love. As a prophet, Jesus knew he would be crucified on the Roman cross to pay for the sins committed by all humanity. As he was saying that he was the Son of God, the Jews weren’t opened to his message. Priests of temples have called Jesus Christ blasphemous because he didn’t fit the mold as the Son of Man, â€Å"Glory of the Heavens†, or the Messiah. He doesn’t look like a king they have imagined and thought of him as pathetic and rejected him. When Jesus first came to Israel, Jesus said publicly, â€Å"I was sent only to the lost sheep of Israel. † â€Å"Are you the Christ, the Son of the Blessed One? † a high priest ask him and Jesus replied, ‘I am,’ †¦ And you will see the Son of Man sitting at the right hand of the Mighty One and coming on the clouds of heaven† (Mark 14:61-62). This haven’t convinced them that Jesus was the Messiah and condemned him to torture and death for lying. â€Å"Eli Eli lama sabachthani! † was Jesus’ last words as he was crucified as stated in the New Testament. After three days, he was resurrected and ascended to the heavens in front of six hundred people. His disciples began to spread his word to various parts of the world. After Paul, one of Jesus’ disciples and his right hand man, failed to convince the Jews, Paul had to resort to converting the Romans. Around 312 A. D. , Emperor Constantine I adopted the Christian faith and, therefore, legalized Christianity. He supported the Christian Church and tried to abandon all the pagan temples. In 325 A. D. , he sent for the Council of Nicaea to establish the Nicene Creed. The emperor wanted to enforce orthodoxy and to eradicate heretics. Christianity began to spread and detached it’s way from Judaism. The Roman government began to acknowledge its independence and the emperor let them go from paying the fiscus judaicus, a tax for Jewish people as a penalty after the revolt of 66 A. D. Finally, the success of Christianity made it the official religion of the Roman Empire in 324 A. D. The main Christian belief was that Jesus was the savior of all people. Those who believed that Jesus was the fulfillment of messianic prophesy of the Old Testament converted to Christianity, including some Jews. Judaism and Christianity both share the Old Testament and the Word of God. However, in Christian teachings Jesus Christ is the Messiah and the Savior and Judaism denies the idea of him being the Messiah. Initially being a Jewish sect in the first century, Christianity stretched into the Greco-Roman areas. During the Middle Ages it spread into Northern Europe and Russia. Currently, Christianity extended to all parts of the world and is now the largest religion in the world with around 2 billion followers. The religion has broaden to many sects such as Roman catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Protestant and so forth. Bibliography: The Bible. N. p. : n. p. , n. d. RSV Bible. Web. 26 Feb. 2010. . â€Å"Christianity. † Religion Facts. N. p. , n. d. Web. 26 Feb. 2010. . Wenner, Sarah. â€Å"History of Christianity. † MNSU. Ed. Salman Hakim. N. p. , 2009. Web. 26 Feb. 2010. . All About Religion. N. p. , n. d. Web. 26 Feb. 2010. . How to cite How Judaism and Christianity Diverged, Essay examples

Online vs Offline Bookings free essay sample

Online versus offline bookings The upcoming decade for travel agencies The number of travel agents has declined sharply during the last decade. According to an article of RockCheetah (www. rockcheetah. com, viewed on 12 May 2013) 30 per cent of all travel agents have had to close down since 2000. The reason of the major decline seem clear. The internet is infinitely popular and beholds many advantages over the rather old fashioned travel agents. The online booking of holidays is preferred by many people because of several reasons. The best rates are just few clicks away while various organisations and tour operators are compared simultaneously. Moreover, no additional charges have to be paid to a travel agent. Complementary, cars and traffic jams are avoided because it is no longer necessary to get in the car. All can be arranged from the comfort of a own home. Questioned is whether travel agencies still have any purpose in todays society and if they will last for another decade. Booking a trip online has considerable disadvantages. The internet is open for all to post anything on it. Companies often claim the best rates, accommodations, photos and reviews. There is a great possibility that this not reflects the truth and therefore comes across as deceiving. An overload of unreliable information is the result, which makes the search of a holiday much longer than intended. Kate Springer of TIME news feeds states that the average person spends more than two hours to search and book a trip online (www. time . com, viewed on 12 May 2013) The same article of TIME claims that the IBM Institute for Business Value 20 per cent of them took more than five hours to find the proper holiday. Besides, the freedom to post anything causes the internet to be a less safe place. Cybercriminals have many opportunities to create websites offering false products, to steal real money. After listing all apparent advantages booking online trips, it might be slightly difficult to opt for a travel agents. However, against expectations, travel agents have many advantages. Travel agents filter out the overload of information and provide the customer with detailed information about destinations and accommodations which is not available for the big public. This information also includes advice regarding to visa. Many agents have much travelling experience themselves, which exclusive information to the customer. Furthermore, a travel agent often saves much money. This is due to large quantity in purchases made of accommodation, tickets and excursions. When these are bought in larger quantities, travel agents often arrange attractive discounts, doing their best to get the best deal for the customer. Furthermore, many customers have additional requests regarding their trip. The overload of possibly false information causes difficulties to find the proper product for the customer. Much stress is saved when assembling a tailor made product is done by a travel agent. A travel agent has the knowledge and the resources to do so. It can be stated that the demand for travel agents along with the overflow of information on the internet is rising. No guarantees are given on the existence of travel agents for the upcoming decade. However, the prospects are optimistic.

Philosophy New Natural Law Argument

Question: Discuss about the Philosophyfor New Natural Law Argument. Answer: Introduction The question as to whether same sex marriage be legalized or not has become increasingly common over the last decade. For more than the last thousand years, marriage has been considered globally as the public union between a woman and a man. Across the globe, in most the societies, homosexuality has been observed with contempt, and same-sex marriage had been banned (Corvino Gallagher, 2012). However, same-sex relationships are gradually gaining approval as more and more homosexuals were becoming vocal about their rights to marry anyone they want, as early in the 90s. Along with the increase in tolerance of homosexuality in societies and communities the dispute among nations over the controversy of gay marriage legalization also was increased. This essay would be looking at two arguments for and against the legalization of same-sex marriage New Natural Law by John Finnis and Robert George, and Substantive Marriage by Richard Mohr. Discussion The most common argument against the legalization of same-sex or homosexual marriage is the new natural law argument (NNLA). The main essence of NNLA is that it believes same-sex marriage to be impermissible since it contradicts the idea of basic human good or marital good that is achievable only via heterosexual unions which involve procreative acts (George, 2013). The two leading defenders of this law were John Finnis and Robert George, two of the principal architects of the law. They have been keen on stressing the secular angle to their outlook, trying to show that their arguments are embraceable by non-Catholic people too, despite being Catholic themselves. The natural law theory has its roots deep into Thomismand some other contemporary theological accounts. This theory opines that humans are endowed with reasoning, and the natural laws of nature are distinct by human reason. Human beings are morally responsible for the discerning of law and the acts in conformity with them. The natural actions of human beings to eat, sleep and procreate is in agreement with the natural law specified for species to sustain and procreate. Morally good acts are activities in conformity with this law. This theory states that two individuals of the same sex if interact to produce orgasms would be judged as good or bad depending on the degree of their accordance with natural laws (George, 2014). The theory formulated by Finnis is grounded with different ideas of basic goods. It contains acts that are intrinsically valuableand contains the intelligible ends of some human acts. Finnis and George present with arguments against all forms of no-marital sexual activities and not just same-sex marriage. They do so with the belief that marriage falls into the category of good that is essentially procreative. Their ultimate conclusion is that homosexual activities are unhealthy. From their belief, it can be extracted that the laws of men must not support or celebrate unhealthy relationships and that is what would happen if state recognition is provided to same sex marriage. For questions raised as objections to why sexual aspects are introduced in marriage, natural law arguments have a belief that without sexual interaction, which would lead to procreation, marriage does not become a marriage in its true sense (Duke, 2013). One very strong argument against the natural law theory on behalf of same sex marriage is the Substantive Marriage argument of Richard Mohr (Mohr, 1995). Richard Mohr enunciates the substantive sense of marriage. He understands it as a form of intimacy that is provided with substance in the everyday life and is the joined intersection of necessity's demand and love's sanctity. The language he uses is not legal; however, it manages to capture the perceptible good at the heart of close human relationships. As a form of legal status, marriage identifies and replies to this reality (Stokes, 2015). He considers love to be blind, as overlooking the failings of the person whom we cherish and trying to sustain their happiness is the central concern of true love. He celebrates the importance and impact of flexibility in same sex marriages. Mohr, while supporting same sex marriage, describes matrimony as the expansion and preservation of intimacy with the help of which people see their basic requirements and continue their lives. He puts forward this argument for both the homosexual and heterosexual couples equally. He considers gays and lesbians as members of the community we all live in, all the while exploring ways to manage greater legal and social inclusion. His argument, as to why same sex domestic partnerships are legally recognized, but not same sex marriage is powerful. His substantive explanation of marriage seems plausible, nevertheless in contemporary societies. The argument that marriage is by definition a union between man and woman only has no philosophical backing and is only supported by those who lookout for rationalization of their embarrassment in admitting that they believe gay people unworthy than straight people and marriage as an institution to be too good for them (Vaugh, 2015). Mohr has an argument that gays must get an idea about gay experiences; they needed this education to feel visible and affirmed in their identity, which the society refuses to provide them with. He suggests the same education for non-gays too so that they can get out of the stereotypes and myths about homosexuality. He believes in the freedom of abiding by personal faith regarding righteousness, without it getting forced upon everyone. Mohr's arguments help in seeing beyond the fallacious appeals to nature and clearly see that same-sex unions embody good equally like the heterosexual ones (Wyatt-Nichol Naylor, 2015). Conclusion From the arguments from Finnis and Georges perspective, legalization of same sex marriage would be a disalignment of law and what is right. It would encourage people to engage in and form unhealthy unions, and from the legal perspective would confuse people about the actual nature of a healthy sexual relationship. On the other hand, Mohrs arguments on behalf of same sex marriages are more fitting to the idea of marriage, arguing substantive unions to not being exclusively or essentially heterosexual and not providing homosexual union recognition as being unjust and irrational. References Corvino, J., Gallagher, M. (2012).Debating same-sex marriage. OUP USA. Duke, G. (2013). Finnis on the Authority of Law and the Common Good.Legal Theory,19(01), 44-62. George, R. P. (2014).The clash of orthodoxies: Law, religion, and morality in crisis. Open Road Media. George, R. P. (Ed.). (2013).Reason, morality, and law: the philosophy of John Finnis. OUP Oxford. Mohr, R. D. (1995). The case for gay marriage.Notre Dame JL Ethics Pub. Pol'y,9, 215. Stokes, P. (2015). Same-sex marriage: why the case against it is so weak. The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 13 April 2017, from https://www.smh.com.au/comment/samesex-marriage-why-the-case-against-it-is-weak-20150602-ghes7v.html Vaughn, L. (2015).Doing ethics: Moral reasoning and contemporary issues. WW Norton Company. Wyatt-Nichol, H., Naylor, L. A. (2015). Liberty and Equality: In Defense of Same-Sex Marriage.Public Integrity,17(2), 117-130.